The challenge of providing good nutrition is global. In many instances, it is multidimensional. In
Nigeria today, there is no part of the country, segment of the population and groups not impacted
by nutritional issues. No part!
To understand the significance of nutrition, consider this: experts insist that maternal prenatal
nutrition and the child’s nutrition in the first three years of life are crucial factors in a child’s
neurodevelopment and lifelong mental health. Not getting enough nutrients early in life can have
an impact that lasts a lifetime.
This is the challenge, where nutrients are inadequate or in excess, it leads to malnutrition.
Malnutrition, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) refers to deficiencies, excesses
or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients.
Malnutrition covers undernutrition, micro or macro nutrients deficiencies, and overweight and
obesity among other unsavoury conditions.
According to UNICEF, “In Nigeria, malnutrition is a direct or underlying cause of 45 per cent of
all deaths of under-five children.”
The UN Agency notes that “Nigeria has the second-highest burden of stunted children in the
world, with a national prevalence rate of 32 per cent of children under five. An estimated 2
million children in Nigeria suffer from severe acute malnutrition (SAM), but only two out of
every 10 children affected is currently reached with treatment. Seven per cent of women of
childbearing age also suffer from acute malnutrition.” The situation looks grim.
However, the fact that malnutrition is an issue should not surprise anyone as hunger is a critical
problem. The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), in a recent report about poverty and
inequality from September 2018 to October 2019, said 40 per cent of people in Nigeria live
below the poverty line of 137,430 naira ($381.75) a year. This represents 82.9 million poor
people. Everyone knows that the poor struggle to eat.
Now, the truth be told, the world is not unaware of the challenges. In fact, over the years, there
have been plenty of efforts to eradicate hunger, attain food security and improve nutrition. The
results have been askance.
The most ambitious yet is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). According to Wikipedia,
“The SDGs are a collection of 17 global goals designed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and
more sustainable future for all”. The SDGs, set in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly
and intended to be achieved by the year 2030.”
The SDGs are interconnected. This means that action in one area will affect outcomes in others.
The goal for SDG 1, End Poverty and SDG 2, Zero Hunger are of particular interest. Consider
the target for SDG 2 – to end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and
people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year
round by 2030.
The goal is audacious. Undoubtedly, nutrition is central to the actualisation of the current
sustainable development agenda.
Sadly, in Nigeria today, a major cause of malnutrition, especially among children is protein
deficiency. This happens when people do not get adequate amounts of protein from their diet.
Protein is widely regarded as an essential building block of life. It is found in literally every cell
of the body. It is a macro-nutrient, that is one of the three nutrients found in food that the body
needs in large amounts. The other two are carbohydrates and fat.
Protein is an important ingredient used to build, maintain and repair body tissues and muscles.
Protein deficiency poses a major health problem in Nigeria. Besides, it places an economic and
social burden on the state. Experts say that it is the most important risk factor for illness and
death, with millions of pregnant women and young children particularly affected
Highlights from a recent nation-wide survey report, the Nigeria Protein Deficiency Report,
identified high cost as a major disincentive for the consumption of most protein food sources in
Nigeria. The report was unveiled at the recent launch of the Nigeria Protein Awareness
Campaign.
The survey, which was designed to empirically determine the current status and dimensions of
protein deficiency in Nigeria, sheds light on food consumption patterns among Nigerians.
According to the report, “51 per cent of respondents do not have adequate protein-rich foods due
largely to high cost.” The report also showed that the fundamental factors determining the
necessity of meal items consumed across the country are availability (79%) and affordability
(68%). Think of the effect of poverty here.
The report indicated carbohydrates are the most consumed food amongst Nigerians. Rice topped
the list with 91%, closely followed by ‘swallows’ (such as eba, amala, fufu, pounded yam, etc.)
as 83%. 58% of sampled institutional providers (dieticians and nutritionists) insisted that the
protein intake of Nigerians is generally quite insufficient.
According to Dr Omadeli Boyo, Medical Director, Pinecrest Specialist Hospital and a Public
health expert: “The report lends credence to many of the long-held perceptions about food
consumption in Nigeria. It is detailed, yet concise, clear and places in context food consumption
patterns across the country.”
He noted that it is no surprise that, with carbohydrates as the most commonly consumed foods,
incidence of malnutrition is today a prevalent public health concern.
Shedding more light on the protein deficiency campaign, Dr. Boyo explained that an important
thing about the proposed campaign is that it aligns with the SDG 2, which seeks to ‘end hunger,
achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture’
Judith Igwe, a Nutritionist, said: “The report highlights the dimensions of protein deficiency in
Nigeria. It also establishes that availability, affordability, taste, nutritional value and preference
are factors that drive the choice of protein consumption among the target audience.”
The Nigeria Protein Awareness Campaign is a media campaign initiative, supported by the
United States Soybean Export Council (USSEC) and other partners to create awareness about the
prevalence, status and impact of protein deficiency in Nigeria. Protein Challenge is the theme
(tag) for the campaign.
USSEC acts as a knowledge, technical and promotion partner willing to work with relevant
stakeholders across a broad section of the economy, from academia to healthcare, NGOs,
agriculture, agro-processing and government, to proffer solutions that will enable everyday
Nigerians overcome the risk of protein deficiency and live healthy, productive lives.
This is commendable. It is precisely the sort of coalition needed to tackle protein deficiency,
broad-based, committed and in for the long haul.
Every effort to combat and curb protein deficiency contributes to unravelling the malnutrition
challenges in Nigeria. The benefits of progress would be humongous. Citizens would be more
productivity and this would naturally spur socio-economic growth. Children would equally
become more attentive helping to bridge the education gap.
The economic cost of malnutrition is estimated to range from 2 to 3 per cent of Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). In Nigeria, it is as high as 11 per cent according to a UNICEF report. It is time to
reverse this trend.