Bank
How Nigerian Banks Built a N219 Trillion Asset Empire on Depositors’ Funds
How Nigerian Banks Built a N219 Trillion Asset Empire on Depositors’ Funds
BY BLAISE UDUNZE
In the first quarter of 2025, Nigeria’s 10 largest banks proudly reported a combined total asset base of N218.99 trillion, up from N212.75 trillion at the end of 2024, according to a report by Nairametrics published on May 19, 2025.
On paper, it looked like a victory as evidence that the sector remains robust despite inflationary headwinds, exchange rate volatility, and a struggling real economy. But beneath that glossy narrative lies a deeper, more uncomfortable truth that reveals Nigeria’s asset boom is not driven by innovation, real-sector productivity, or capital efficiency; rather, it is fueled largely by customer deposits and balance-sheet inflation.
According to data from the banks’ own filings, about N164.7 trillion, representing roughly 75.2 percent of the N218.99 trillion total asset base, came directly from customers’ deposits. In plain terms, three-quarters of the industry’s celebrated “assets” are actually liabilities owed to the public, which are deposits that banks temporarily hold, not capital they generated or invested productively.
Bank Customer Deposits (N Trillion)
Access Holdings / Access Bank 38.8655
Ecobank (Group) 33.2080
Zenith Bank 22.6818
United Bank for Africa (UBA) 25.6500
FBN Holdings / FirstBank Group 17.2699
GTCO (Guaranty Trust) 10.8923
Fidelity Bank 6.5990
FCMB Group 4.1254
Stanbic IBTC 3.0456
Wema Bank 2.4096
Total N164.75 trillion
This dependency on depositors’ funds reveals a system that looks rich in assets but is, in essence, shallow in innovation and weak in capital depth. At first glance, the growth appears dramatic, with the sector’s total assets jumping from N170.02 trillion in 2024, representing a 39.6 percent year-on-year rise, to nearly N219 trillion by Q1 2025. Yet, this “growth” is misleading. Much of it stems not from new value creation but from naira devaluation adjustments, inflationary expansion, and paper gains on government securities.
Banks are becoming bigger on paper, not stronger in impact. The so-called asset expansion has not translated into more affordable credit for manufacturers, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), or agribusinesses. Instead, it reflects a financial system more comfortable with passive wealth storage than active economic stimulation.
In simpler terms, Nigeria’s banks are becoming richer without making the economy stronger. Their balance sheets have ballooned, but their capital efficiency, which represents the ability to convert deposits into productive loans, remains weak.
The false appearance of size becomes even more striking when placed in a continental context. As of June 30, 2025, Standard Bank Group of South Africa, Africa’s largest financial institution, reported total assets of R3.4 trillion, equivalent to $191.8 billion. At Nigeria’s prevailing exchange rate of N1,484.50 to $1, that translates to approximately $191.8 billion × N1,484.50 = N284,983 trillion, or roughly N285 trillion. That means a single South African bank now outvalues the entire Nigerian banking industry, whose 10 largest lenders collectively hold N218.99 trillion in assets.
The comparison is humbling. It highlights how Nigeria’s asset numbers, while massive in naira terms, shrink dramatically when viewed through a global lens. While Standard Bank’s strength stems from robust capitalization, efficient risk management, diversified income streams, and strong regional investments, Nigerian banks remain largely driven by deposit inflows, short-term instruments, and FX revaluation surges.
Moreover, the disconnect between banking prosperity and economic stagnation is becoming impossible to ignore. Despite N219 trillion sitting on bank balance sheets, access to credit for manufacturers, small businesses, and startups remains prohibitively difficult. Lending rates are high, collateral demands are steep, and real-sector credit continues to shrink as a share of GDP. Manufacturing’s contribution to GDP remains in low single digits, private sector credit lags behind African peers, and inflation continues to erode the value of naira-denominated deposits. The banks’ “assets” may rise, but they are paper assets, not productive capital, rather figures that comfort shareholders but fail to transform society.
A banking system overly reliant on deposits is inherently fragile. Deposits are short-term and confidence-sensitive and can flee quickly during periods of policy uncertainty. Unlike equity or long-term capital, they offer little cushion against shocks. This overdependence creates an illusion of liquidity but hides structural weakness. Nigeria’s banks may look stable, but their foundations are vulnerable, just like a tower built on shifting sands of depositor confidence rather than the rock of sustainable capital formation.
For Nigeria’s regulators, analysts, and policymakers, the question is no longer how large the banks’ assets appear, but what those assets are doing for the economy. True strength must come from innovation in financial intermediation, capital efficiency, and credit diversification; support for real-sector growth; and regional competitiveness on the African and global stage.
Until Nigerian banks start to convert deposits into genuine development by funding infrastructure, technology, and enterprise, the industry’s trillion-naira balance sheets will remain a false hope of progress without prosperity. Nigeria’s N219 trillion banking booms may glitter, but it is a reflection of financial inflation, not economic transformation. When one South African bank commands more assets than the entire Nigerian industry combined, it is not just a comparison; it is a revelation.
It reveals how far Nigeria must go to move from deposit dependency to capital creation, from paper prosperity to real productivity, and from illusory balance sheet growth to genuine economic strength. Until that shift happens, Nigeria’s banking system will remain what it is today as a trillion-naira illusion shimmering over a weak economic base.
Blaise, a journalist and PR professional writes from Lagos, can be reached via: [email protected]
Bank
Alpha Morgan to Host 19th Economic Review Webinar
Alpha Morgan to Host 19th Economic Review Webinar
In an economy shaped by constant shifts, the edge often belongs to those with the right information.
On Wednesday, February 25, 2026, Alpha Morgan Bank will host the 19th edition of its Economic Review Webinar, a high-level thought leadership session designed to equip businesses, investors, and individuals with timely financial and economic insight.
The session, which will hold live on Zoom at 10:00am WAT and will feature economist Bismarck Rewane, who will examine the key signals influencing Nigeria’s economic direction in 2026, including policy trends, market movements, and global developments shaping the local landscape.
With a consistent track record of delivering clarity in uncertain times, the Alpha Morgan Economic Review continues to provide practical context for decision-making in a dynamic environment.
Registration for the 19th Alpha Morgan Economic Review is free and can be completed via https://bit.ly/registeramerseries19
It is a bi-monthly platform that is open to the public and is held virtually.
Visit www.alphamorganbank to know more.
Bank
Separating Fact from Confusion: What Nigerians Need to Know About the 7.5% VAT on Banking Service Fees
In recent weeks, digital-banking customers and social media, especially on Twitter have raised concerns about deductions labelled as “VAT” on transfers and other charges.
Some dangerously false narratives, which when you take a critical look, you’ll clearly see that they have been orchestrated and sponsored by malicious elements, have given the impression that the 7.5% Value Added Tax (VAT) is a new or arbitrary charge introduced by fintechs, or that it applies to the amounts customers send. These claims are misleading and deserve careful clarification which is the purpose of this piece.
First, it’s important to understand how VAT works in Nigeria’s financial sector today. VAT on fees and charges for financial services has long been part of Nigeria’s tax system. The then Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) had issued information circulars on March 31, 2021 where it stated that VAT on Financial Services (Circular No. 2021/04) that most fees, commissions, and charges by financial institutions (banks, insurance companies, brokers) are subject to 7.5% VAT.
This justifies a recent advertorial the Nigeria Revenue Service (NRS) which stated unequivocally that VAT was not newly introduced on banking service charges by recent tax reforms, and that it did not impose a new tax obligation on customers in that regard.
However what was left unsaid in that publication was that on the 12th of December, the tax agency had written to all financial institutions and payment gateways based on past meetings with operators that following from the new Tax Act, they were reminded of their mandatory obligations to collect, deduct and remit VAT at the prescribed rate.
The Agency then gave an 18- day grace period to all players to configure and align their systems while directing full compliance with the directive with effect from January 19, 2026. And so, some fintechs sent messages to their customers in the spirit of clarity and transparency.
It must be said that what has changed is that in a bid to widen the tax net, microfinance banks and fintechs who were not obligated to deduct and remit said VAT before now, have now become compelled to do so. The enforcement and standardised collection of VAT across banks and fintech platforms including mobile transfers, USSD transaction fees, and card issuance fees with compliance deadlines issued by tax authorities. So why anyone would vilify any financial institution obeying the laws of the land beats my imagination.
For those who have raised questions around transparency and wrongly suggesting that fintechs are suddenly imposing new, unexplained costs on users – as it has been explained above, this is a matter of regulatory compliance, not a lack of transparency or customer exploitation. These VAT deductions are not new fees created by the companies themselves, and providers are not arbitrarily raising their prices.
In closing, two things that everyone must bear in mind as we move forward in this new tax climate – all stakeholders including fintech platforms and regulators must communicate better and clearly. Nigerians must refrain from peddling unsubstantiated claims and malicious narratives, it has no benefits for anyone and erodes trust in systems.
Bank
FirstBank Introduces Exclusive 500-Seater Bleacher at Carnival Calabar & Festival 2025
FirstBank Introduces Exclusive 500-Seater Bleacher at Carnival Calabar & Festival 2025
Lagos, 26 December 2025 – FirstBank, West Africa’s premier financial institution and financial inclusion services provider, has officially announced its sponsorship of the Carnival Calabar & Festival 2025, unveiling a landmark addition set to redefine the carnival experience — the first-ever private premium seating area at the event.
The highlight of FirstBank’s participation is the construction of a 500-seater premium bleacher, designed to provide comfort, safety, and an elevated viewing experience for carnival enthusiasts.
Speaking on the sponsorship, the Acting Group Head Marketing and Corporate Communications, FirstBank, Olayinka Ijabiyi, noted that the carnival aligns with the Bank’s First@Arts initiative, a platform dedicated to supporting the creative arts value chain across Nigeria. He said, “We recognise the transformative power of the arts, including carnivals, in inspiring people and strengthening national unity. For more than 131 years, we have supported platforms that promote self-expression, social reflection and cultural exchange. Our investment in the Carnival Calabar & Festival demonstrates our commitment to preserving the nation’s rich cultural heritage through First@Arts.”
“As part of our sponsorship this year, we are introducing the first-ever private 500-seater premium bleacher to further elevate the carnival experience. This exclusive seating is designed to provide exceptional comfort and an unforgettable viewing experience for attendees,” Ijabiyi added.
The Chairman of the Cross River State Carnival Calabar Commission, Gabe Onah, also commented on FirstBank’s sponsorship. “FirstBank’s involvement is a strong demonstration of private-sector support for culture and tourism. This partnership not only enhances the overall quality of the carnival but also strengthens its global appeal,” he said.
The Carnival Calabar & Festival 2025 is officially marketed by Okhma Global Limited, the appointed Official Marketer responsible for brand partnerships, promotional engagements, and ticket sales. Okhma Global Limited has partnered with the Cross River State government in delivering Carnival Calabar & Festival for over ten years, playing a key role in strengthening the carnival’s commercial growth and global visibility.
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