Bank
How Nigerian Banks Built a N219 Trillion Asset Empire on Depositors’ Funds
How Nigerian Banks Built a N219 Trillion Asset Empire on Depositors’ Funds
BY BLAISE UDUNZE
In the first quarter of 2025, Nigeria’s 10 largest banks proudly reported a combined total asset base of N218.99 trillion, up from N212.75 trillion at the end of 2024, according to a report by Nairametrics published on May 19, 2025.
On paper, it looked like a victory as evidence that the sector remains robust despite inflationary headwinds, exchange rate volatility, and a struggling real economy. But beneath that glossy narrative lies a deeper, more uncomfortable truth that reveals Nigeria’s asset boom is not driven by innovation, real-sector productivity, or capital efficiency; rather, it is fueled largely by customer deposits and balance-sheet inflation.
According to data from the banks’ own filings, about N164.7 trillion, representing roughly 75.2 percent of the N218.99 trillion total asset base, came directly from customers’ deposits. In plain terms, three-quarters of the industry’s celebrated “assets” are actually liabilities owed to the public, which are deposits that banks temporarily hold, not capital they generated or invested productively.
Bank Customer Deposits (N Trillion)
Access Holdings / Access Bank 38.8655
Ecobank (Group) 33.2080
Zenith Bank 22.6818
United Bank for Africa (UBA) 25.6500
FBN Holdings / FirstBank Group 17.2699
GTCO (Guaranty Trust) 10.8923
Fidelity Bank 6.5990
FCMB Group 4.1254
Stanbic IBTC 3.0456
Wema Bank 2.4096
Total N164.75 trillion
This dependency on depositors’ funds reveals a system that looks rich in assets but is, in essence, shallow in innovation and weak in capital depth. At first glance, the growth appears dramatic, with the sector’s total assets jumping from N170.02 trillion in 2024, representing a 39.6 percent year-on-year rise, to nearly N219 trillion by Q1 2025. Yet, this “growth” is misleading. Much of it stems not from new value creation but from naira devaluation adjustments, inflationary expansion, and paper gains on government securities.
Banks are becoming bigger on paper, not stronger in impact. The so-called asset expansion has not translated into more affordable credit for manufacturers, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), or agribusinesses. Instead, it reflects a financial system more comfortable with passive wealth storage than active economic stimulation.
In simpler terms, Nigeria’s banks are becoming richer without making the economy stronger. Their balance sheets have ballooned, but their capital efficiency, which represents the ability to convert deposits into productive loans, remains weak.
The false appearance of size becomes even more striking when placed in a continental context. As of June 30, 2025, Standard Bank Group of South Africa, Africa’s largest financial institution, reported total assets of R3.4 trillion, equivalent to $191.8 billion. At Nigeria’s prevailing exchange rate of N1,484.50 to $1, that translates to approximately $191.8 billion × N1,484.50 = N284,983 trillion, or roughly N285 trillion. That means a single South African bank now outvalues the entire Nigerian banking industry, whose 10 largest lenders collectively hold N218.99 trillion in assets.
The comparison is humbling. It highlights how Nigeria’s asset numbers, while massive in naira terms, shrink dramatically when viewed through a global lens. While Standard Bank’s strength stems from robust capitalization, efficient risk management, diversified income streams, and strong regional investments, Nigerian banks remain largely driven by deposit inflows, short-term instruments, and FX revaluation surges.
Moreover, the disconnect between banking prosperity and economic stagnation is becoming impossible to ignore. Despite N219 trillion sitting on bank balance sheets, access to credit for manufacturers, small businesses, and startups remains prohibitively difficult. Lending rates are high, collateral demands are steep, and real-sector credit continues to shrink as a share of GDP. Manufacturing’s contribution to GDP remains in low single digits, private sector credit lags behind African peers, and inflation continues to erode the value of naira-denominated deposits. The banks’ “assets” may rise, but they are paper assets, not productive capital, rather figures that comfort shareholders but fail to transform society.
A banking system overly reliant on deposits is inherently fragile. Deposits are short-term and confidence-sensitive and can flee quickly during periods of policy uncertainty. Unlike equity or long-term capital, they offer little cushion against shocks. This overdependence creates an illusion of liquidity but hides structural weakness. Nigeria’s banks may look stable, but their foundations are vulnerable, just like a tower built on shifting sands of depositor confidence rather than the rock of sustainable capital formation.
For Nigeria’s regulators, analysts, and policymakers, the question is no longer how large the banks’ assets appear, but what those assets are doing for the economy. True strength must come from innovation in financial intermediation, capital efficiency, and credit diversification; support for real-sector growth; and regional competitiveness on the African and global stage.
Until Nigerian banks start to convert deposits into genuine development by funding infrastructure, technology, and enterprise, the industry’s trillion-naira balance sheets will remain a false hope of progress without prosperity. Nigeria’s N219 trillion banking booms may glitter, but it is a reflection of financial inflation, not economic transformation. When one South African bank commands more assets than the entire Nigerian industry combined, it is not just a comparison; it is a revelation.
It reveals how far Nigeria must go to move from deposit dependency to capital creation, from paper prosperity to real productivity, and from illusory balance sheet growth to genuine economic strength. Until that shift happens, Nigeria’s banking system will remain what it is today as a trillion-naira illusion shimmering over a weak economic base.
Blaise, a journalist and PR professional writes from Lagos, can be reached via: [email protected]
GTCO Plc Releases 2025 Full Year Audited Result
…Declares Another Record Dividend of ₦12.76k; Re-affirming Unrivalled Capacity to Creating Value
Guaranty Trust Holding Company Plc (“GTCO” or the “Group”) has released its Audited Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2025, to the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) and London Stock Exchange (LSE).
The Group reported profit before tax of ₦1.23trillion underpinned by strong growth in core earnings, with interest income and fee income increasing y-o-y by 23.2% and 25.9%, respectively. The performance reaffirms its capacity to generate sustainable earnings and builds on the momentum from 2024, when GTCO delivered a record profit of ₦1.27trillion, driven in part by ₦517.5billion in fair value gains, which did not recur in 2025.
The Group’s 2025 profit after tax came in at ₦865.75billion against ₦1.02trillion recorded in 2024. The profit after tax reflects the impact of recent fiscal policy adjustments to the taxation of investment securities, notably withholding tax on short-term instruments. However, when normalised for this effect, underlying earnings remain robust, driven by growth in core operating income.
The Group continues to maintain a well-structured, healthy, and diversified balance sheet in all the jurisdictions wherein it operates a Banking franchise, as well as across its Payments, Pension and Funds Management business verticals. Total assets and shareholders’ funds closed at ₦17.8trillion and ₦3.4trillion, respectively. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) remained very robust and strong, closing at 43.8%, likewise asset quality improved as evidenced by IFRS 9 Stage 3 Loans which closed at 3.4% and 5.0% at Bank and Group level in FY-2025 (Bank, 3.5%, and Group, 5.2% in December 2024). Cost of Risk (COR) also improved to 2.2% from 4.9% in December 2024. In specific terms, the Group’s loan book (net) grew by 12.4% from ₦2.79trillion as of December 2024 to ₦3.13trillion in December 2025. Similarly, deposit liabilities grew by 23.8% from ₦10.40trillion to ₦12.87trillion during the same period.
Commenting on the results, the Group Chief Executive Officer of Guaranty Trust Holding Company Plc, Mr. Segun Agbaje, said: “Our 2025 result underscores the resilience and depth of our earnings capacity. Following a record 2024, which included significant fair value gains, our focus has been on strengthening the sustainability of our earnings by driving growth across our core banking and ecosystem businesses. The strength of our underlying earnings, despite a stronger Naira and tighter regulatory parameters, reflects the quality of our franchise and the discipline with which we execute our strategy. Importantly, this strong core earnings performance underpins our capacity to sustain and grow shareholder returns. Our record dividend payout this year is not only a reflection of our current profitability but also of our confidence in the Group’s long-term earnings potential. Looking ahead, we remain focused on scaling our ecosystem, driving innovation across our financial services platform, and delivering consistent, high-quality earnings that support superior value creation for our shareholders.”
Overall, the Group continues to post one of the best metrics in the Nigerian Financial Services Industry in terms of key financial ratios i.e., Post-Tax Return on Equity (ROAE) of 28.3%, Post-Tax Return on Assets (ROAA) of 5.3%, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) of 43.8% and Cost to Income Ratio of 27.9%.
Guaranty Trust Holding Company Plc is a leading financial services group with operations across Africa and the United Kingdom. Renowned for its strong corporate governance, innovative financial solutions, and customer-centric approach, the Group provides a wide range of banking and non-banking services including payments, funds management, and pension fund administration. GTCO Plc is committed to delivering long-term value to stakeholders while driving growth and development across its markets
ZENITH BANK OPENS MANCHESTER BRANCH TO SUPPORT CROSS-BORDER TRADE AND INVESTMENT
Zenith Bank Plc has announced the opening of a new branch in Manchester, United Kingdom, marking another significant milestone in the bank’s international growth and its commitment to strengthening financial connections between Africa and global markets.
The official opening ceremony, scheduled to hold on Tuesday, March 17, 2026, is expected to attract government officials from Nigeria and the United Kingdom, regulators, investors, customers, and business leaders from both countries, underscoring the growing economic ties and investment opportunities between the two markets.
The new Manchester branch will complement Zenith Bank’s existing operations in the United Kingdom and serve as a strategic hub for supporting businesses engaged in international trade and investment. Through the branch, the bank will provide corporate banking, trade finance, treasury and related financial services to clients operating across the United Kingdom, Europe and Africa.Speaking ahead of the launch, the Group Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer of Zenith Bank Plc, Dame Dr. Adaora Umeoji, OON, said: “The opening of our Manchester branch represents another important step in Zenith Bank’s growth as a leading African financial institution connecting businesses and markets across continents. Manchester is one of the United Kingdom’s most dynamic commercial centres, and our presence here will further strengthen financial connections between businesses in the UK and opportunities across Africa’s rapidly expanding markets.
”Founded in 1990 by its Founder and Chairman, Jim Ovia, CFR, Zenith Bank has grown into one of Africa’s most respected banking institutions, boasting a robust capital base and a remarkable history of year-on-year profitability. Built on a strong foundation of people, technology and service, the Bank has consistently delivered innovative financial solutions while maintaining a disciplined approach to growth and risk management. The impressive performance of the Bank has consistently earned it excellent ratings, recognition and endorsement from local and international agencies and institutions.Headquartered in Lagos, Nigeria, Zenith Bank operates over 500 branches and business offices across the 36 States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The Bank currently operates subsidiaries in several African countries including Ghana, Sierra Leone, Gambia, and Cote d’Ivoire, while maintaining a presence in major international financial centres including the United Kingdom, France, UAE and China.
In recent years, Zenith Bank has continued to expand its international network as part of its strategy to support global trade and investment flows involving Africa.Manchester, widely regarded as one of the United Kingdom’s most vibrant economic centres, hosts a diverse base of businesses across sectors such as manufacturing, engineering, logistics, technology and consumer goods. The city’s strong commercial ecosystem and international outlook align closely with Zenith Bank’s expertise in corporate banking, structured finance and trade finance.The Manchester branch will work closely with the Bank’s London operations and its broader international network to support clients seeking to expand across markets and unlock new opportunities in both the United Kingdom and Africa.
With the opening of the Manchester branch, Zenith Bank continues to advance its vision of building a truly global African banking institution that connects businesses, facilitates trade and investment, and creates stronger economic bridges between Africa and the world.
Alpha Morgan Bank Deepens Presence in Abuja with New Branch in Utako
Marking another milestone in its expansion drive, Alpha Morgan Bank has opened a new branch in Utako, Abuja, reinforcing its strategy of building closer institutional ties within key business communities and bringing its financial expertise closer to individuals, and enterprises driving the city’s growth.
The new branch, located at Plot 1121 Obafemi Awolowo Way, Utako, Abuja is strategically positioned to serve individuals, entrepreneurs, and corporate clients within Utako and surrounding districts.
The expansion follows the Bank’s recently concluded Economic Review Webinar held in February 2026, as the bank continues to position as a thought-leader in the financial services industry.
Speaking on the opening, Ade Buraimo, Managing Director of Alpha Morgan Bank, said the move underscores the Bank’s commitment to accessibility and service excellence.
“Proximity matters in banking. As communities grow and commercial activity expands, financial institutions also evolve to meet customers where they are. The Utako Branch allows us to deliver our services to people in that community efficiently while maintaining the high standards our customers expect,”
The Utako location will provide a full suite of retail and corporate banking services, including account opening, deposits, transfers, business banking solutions, and financial advisory support.
Customers and members of the public are invited to visit the new Utako Branch to experience the Bank’s approach to satisfying banking.
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